However, intermediate-length columns will fail by a combination of direct compressive stress and bending. The buckling mode of deflection is considered a failure mode, and it generally occurs before the axial compression stresses (direct compression) can cause failure of the material by yielding or fracture of that compression member. A short column under the action of an axial load will fail by direct compression before it buckles, but a long column loaded in the same manner will fail by springing suddenly outward laterally (buckling) in a bending mode. A load at any other point in the cross section is known as an eccentric load. If the load on a column is applied through the center of gravity (centroid) of its cross section, it is called an axial load. All the following are approximate values used for convenience. The slenderness ratio is important for design considerations. This ratio affords a means of classifying columns and their failure mode. The ratio of the effective length of a column to the least radius of gyration of its cross section is called the slenderness ratio (sometimes expressed with the Greek letter lambda, λ). The eccentricity of the axial force results in a bending moment acting on the beam element.
HOW TO CARRY OUT NON LINEAR BUCKLING ANALYSIS IN MIDAS GEN SKIN
Some aircraft are designed for thin skin panels to continue carrying load even in the buckled state. If the buckled member is part of a larger assemblage of components such as a building, any load applied to the buckled part of the structure beyond that which caused the member to buckle will be redistributed within the structure. However, if the deformations that occur after buckling do not cause the complete collapse of that member, the member will continue to support the load that caused it to buckle. Further loading may cause significant and somewhat unpredictable deformations, possibly leading to complete loss of the member's load-carrying capacity. Buckling may occur even though the stresses that develop in the structure are well below those needed to cause failure in the material of which the structure is composed.